There are several forms of spinal pathology that can affect the proper function of the spinal column and spinal cord. These include aging and degeneration, spinal trauma, spinal deformities, and cancers.

Aging and degenerating discs can develop bulges or herniations and osteophytes. Osteoporosis can develop in the vertebrae. These conditions can be progressive and may be related to trauma and nutrition.

Spinal trauma, such as vertebral fractures, can be caused by traumatic injuries. Vertebrae are more susceptible to fracture if they have previously undergone the aging and degenerative effects of osteoporosis.

Spinal deformities such as scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis adversely affect the normal shape and curvature of the spinal column.

Cancers that can form in the spinal column can originate from either bony or nervous tissue.

Figure 1: Aging and degeneration of the spine.
Figure 2: Spinal trauma.
Figure 3: Spinal deformities.
Figure 4: Cancer of the spine.